Importance of Evidence Based Practices, 5.7. When constructing variables, it is often advisable to collect as much specific information as possible, provided that doing so would not inconvenience the research respondents and decrease the chances of completing data collection. Students will learn about criminal justice theories . >> Age, sex, race, religion, and social class are other concepts with which we are quite . 2018-01-17T12:53:32+02:00 Identify when each type of data source would be appropriate for different crimes and why. Likewise, continued interest in evaluating specific subpopulations and geographic areas requires improved data and research methodologies. In chapter 3 of The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice there are four areas of focus. We are going to address conceptualization by using substance abuse and related ideas as examples. Define /Resources << 278 333 581 500 333 500 556 444 556 444 What is the level of measurement for each of the following variables? Height is clearly a ratio level of measurement example. because criminal justice researchers often use all variations of social science research. Nominal levels of measurement simply assign responses or individuals by category (Behavioral Intervention Research: Designing, Evaluating, and Implementing). Many participants argued for a more systematic analysis comparing and contrasting the understanding of crime and victimization in self-report and official data. Generally measurement is the most important and difficult phase of criminal justice research. 11 0 obj Without additional resources devoted to improving the data on crime and justice, many of the problems discussed at the workshop are likely to persist. Not a MyNAP member yet? Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justi, Basics of Research Methods Criminal Justice &, Unit 4 APUSH Practice Multiple Choice Questio. McCleary, R., D. Wiebe, and R. Turbow 2000 Screening Bias. /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPSMT Objects are usually placed into mutually exclusive categories or types, and This is termed experimental mortality, also known as _____. Overall . /Type /Font In addition to focusing on improving the validity and reliability of surveys and administrative data, there was some discussion at the workshop about the need to develop and apply credible models. /Count 39 Corrections officer: $42,820 /Length 3782 Here, local and federal jurisdiction intersect and clash in ways that have no analog elsewhere in the country. 13 0 obj The ecological fallacy refers to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the _____ or other aggregations. 3. These data collection systems utilize different methods of measuring criminal behavior. We cannot do that in reverse, though. 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Very large general population samples are therefore required to accurately characterize the population of offenders and victims, and detailed subgroup analyses can be problematic. /FirstChar 32 The levels of measurement are used throughout the social sciences, and criminology and criminal justice is no exception. /Type /Metadata /Subject (Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 4th Edition Bachman Solutions ManualInstant Download) 570 333 747 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 This is called post-test. In the previous section, we spent much time trying to understand how to define crime, whereas this section will focus on the task of measuring crime. Chapter 3, a paper by Terence P. Thornberry and Marvin D. Krohn, is on the strengths and weaknesses of the self-report method in studies of offenders, and how to make improvements. Public Health Monograph #67. The levels of measurement are used throughout the social sciences, and criminology and criminal justice is no exception. If one wanted to get a grand scope of how information is gathered in the criminal. 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Parent 3 0 R HwAt8K, Microsoft Word - Bachman, Stats 4e Ch 2 Discussion Group Problems. Current Issues in Corrections: Aging and Overcrowding, 9.16. /Length 1310 Levels of Measurement - Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology: A Text and Reader Levels of Measurement There are four levels of measurement for variables, starting with nominal. 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 The Role of the Legislature. /Parent 2 0 R A review of the 1999 UCR data posted on the FBIs web site indicates that six statesIllinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Montana, and New Hampshirereport only limited data. Particular attention was focused on well-known but difficult problems for. /Subtype /XML /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The development and refinement of a number of administrative and survey data systems have had and continue to play a central role in the ability of the nation to understand crime. To facilitate the workshop discussion, four papers were commissioned in advance, and they form the basis of this report. Current Issues: Internal Affairs and Discipline, 6.14. 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 Evaluating the impact of nontraditional survey methodologies. << Cross-level inference. 0 Reviews. The numbers next to the sports do not rank them in level of importance, international popularity, television ratings, or anything else. This webinar will discuss the importance of using data to identify problematic patterns that need correction as well as best practices that could be replicated. drawing inferences on selected subpopulations, screening bias, and small-area estimation. This phase can take approximately 9-12 months postoperatively. Who is S. S. Stevens? In this guide, we'll explain exactly what is meant by levels of measurement within the realm of data and statisticsand why it matters. 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 10 0 obj The National Crime Victimization Survey, a general population survey designed to cover the extent, nature, and consequences of criminal victimization, has been conducted annually since the early1970s. In general, criminal victimization is a relatively rare eventthat is, in any given reference period, the majority of respondents do not report any victimization. /Widths [250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 All rights reserved. Frequently Asked Questions About Level of Measurement. 5 0 obj uuid:8d4873c8-f8b0-57ba-3920-205d5acc4bc4 I once supervised a student thesis on drug use in college. IN THE FIRST PAPER, 'PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,' THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS DERIVED FROM AN INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TOTAL SOCIAL COST ASSOCIATED WITH CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL AND THE NET COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. A variable's level of measurement describes how precisely it has been measured. >> Secure .gov websites use HTTPS There are four types of measurement: nominal, ordinal, ratio, and ordinal. Being mutually exclusive means that each and every observation must fit in _____. stream One chapter focuses on police organizations, and the other chapter examines standards and measures of court performance. Current Issues: Use of Force and Vehicle Pursuits, 6.10. Three broad and interrelated distinctions are described as ways to conduct social scientific research: (1) idiographic and nomothetic explanations, (2) inductive and deductive reasoning, and (3) quantitative and qualitative data, however that's misleading ______. Unlike nominal, ordinal-level data are rank ordered, so coding associated with items provide more information than do nominal-level variables. 333 1000 389 333 722 778 444 722 250 333 After reading this section, students will be able to: SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System by Alison S. Burke, David Carter, Brian Fedorek, Tiffany Morey, Lore Rutz-Burri, and Shanell Sanchez is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The end product of the conceptualization process is the _____ of what we have in mind, indicating the presence or absence of the concept we are studying. The difference between height scores is quantifiable, e.g. /F2 11 0 R /Type /Font Biden signing the measure would put an end to a protracted and involved effort at criminal justice reform that Washington undertook in 2006. The Act offers, in a very broad way, some guidance in the ultimate purposes of the federal assistance. endobj If you asked some friends to get you information about the race results, and all they told you was who won and who did not win, you could not then piece together who came in second or third, nor would you know how close the race was. A _____ eliminates this possibility because neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control. Ratio is the final level of measurement, and the only difference between interval and ratio is that interval lacks a true zero point (Kranzler, 2018). /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Variables' attributes that have the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness, can be logically ordered and the distance between one and the other values of the variables can be precisely measured are _____. endobj The Structure of the Juvenile Justice System. 611 778 778 333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 Sources of Criminal Law: Statutes, Ordinances, and Other Legislative Enactments, 3.5. /Type /Page The experimental design ensures that the cause precedes the effect in time by taking posttest measurements of the dependent variable after introducing the experimental stimulus. endobj ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 Levels of measurement tell us what sorts of information we can gain from the scores assigned to the _____. /BaseFont /Times-Roman 2 0 obj Discussion: Levels of Measurement. Define the term nominal variable and provide an example not included in the [] 1. 444 1000 500 500 333 1000 556 333 889 778 /Producer (Nuance PDF Create) For the variable to be useful in research, researchers must be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable. In July 2000 the Committee on Law and Justice and the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council convened a workshop to examine an array of measurement issues in the area of crime victimization and offending and to explore possible areas for future research to improve measurement methods. For many research and policy questions, it is important to analyze crime data at a relatively low level of aggregation, such as county or even census tract. Edited volume that includes papers covering methodological and analytical issues related to the measurement of crime and the functioning of the criminal justice system. \text{Expense}&&\text{Credit}&\text{Debit}\\ Much of the knowledge about reporting errors in crime surveys comes from crosssectional studies. Street Crime, Corporate Crime, and White-Collar Crime, 1.13. The IRBs reasoning was that someone who knew which college courses received the survey could use the students sex, age, and GPA answers to learn respondents identities. Criminal Justice Third Edition David Weisburd Chester Britt University of Maryland, MD, USA and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 675 333 760 500 400 549 300 300 333 576 2: Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice - SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System 2: Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice Learning Objectives In the previous section, we spent much time trying to understand how to define crime, whereas this section will focus on the task of measuring crime. Every variable should have an important attribute of being exhaustive. 611 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 667 444 675 500 920 611 611 667 722 611 611 722 /A 28 0 R 667 778 778 333 333 500 500 350 500 1000 A major research effort undertaken in the early 1980s as part of the redesign of the NCVS addressed many important sampling questions, but (according to several workshop participants) for social and political reasons, much of this information did not make it into the survey.1, Today, in fact, the problems may be growing worse because of eroding federal investment in data systems and social science research on crime and victimization. Criminal justice helps to improve effectiveness in the justice system, it aims to make sure everything is done correctly and all . Except for modest new funds to study violence against women, the federal budget for social science research on crime and victimization also has remained flat for two decades. a. histogram b. bar chart c. polygon d. pie chart Ans: C Answer Location: The Tabular and Graphical Display of . An example is college GPA. /FirstChar 32 611 500 556 722 611 833 611 556 556 389 >> For example, color is a nominal variable because numbers can be . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Sign up here . If crime is a complex issue to begin with, it is especially so in the District of Columbia. &\textbf{Increas}&\textbf{Decrease}&\textbf{Normal Balance}\\ /F1 10 0 R The independent variable takes the form of an experimental stimulus that is either present or absentthat is, having two attributes. John Wiley & Sons, Apr 28, 2016 - Social Science - 600 pages. In their paper, McCleary, Wiebe, and Turbow also demonstrated the potential biases created by screening respondents to select out rare subgroups of interest. /LastChar 255 LockA locked padlock information. /Rotate 0 Here we explore the relationships among these indicators. % The three main sources of crime data include official reports from the police, surveys of victims, and self-reports from offenders. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. These differences are called levels of measurement A variable's level of measurement tells us how precisely a researcher can describe it And, determines how you can analyze a . Courtroom Workgroup: Defense Attorneys, 8.1. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 << << In addition to discussions of these general points, much of the workshop focused on measurement problems that arise from the existing surveys and, to some degree, on future directions for research to resolve them. It is difficult, in part, because many basic concepts in criminal justice are difficult to define specifically. 2000 Combining Information from Multiple Sources for Small Area Estimation of Victimization Rates. Most measurement of crime in this country emanates from two major data sources. Alison S. Burke, David Carter, Brian Fedorek, Tiffany Morey, Lore Rutz-Burri, and Shanell Sanchez, 1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology, 2: Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice, SOU-CCJ230 Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System, Next: 2.1. A bachelor's degree in criminal justice administration prepares students for concentrated areas of study in the industry including the interrelationship among corrections, courts and law enforcement. A Brief History of Prisons and Jails, 8.10. Want to skip ahead? Nuance PDF CreateElhamMicrosoft Word - Bachman, Stats 4e Ch 2 Discussion Group Problems \text{Liability}&&\text{Debit}&\\ The response should be supported with a minimum of three scholarly references as well as in-text citations, using proper APA format. \text{Balance sheet accounts:}\\ /Type /Font Remein 1961 Principles and Procedure in the Evaluation of Screening for Disease. One drawback to ordinal ranks, however, is that they do not distinguish the precise magnitude of the difference between ranks. . Crime and the Criminal Justice System, 1.2. endobj For example alcohol use might serve as an independent variable in one experiment and as _____ in another. endobj Law enforcement agencies report arrest data for 21 additional crime categories. Measuring crime is quite complex and requires an understanding of different data sets and how we use them. This report provides information that was presented at the workshop. No numerical value or rank is implied by this level of assessment. /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT To get that level of information, it is necessary' to look at interval- and ratio-level data. Social Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboo, and Laws, 1.5. <> Foremost among them is that most crimes are not reported to the police, and only a small proportion of those that are reported result in an arrest. The references doesn't count towards the word count! Current academic and criminal justice policies discussions are dominated by two main competing models of . When we say that someone is witty, we are making a _____ assertion. 333 980 389 333 722 778 444 722 250 333 /CreationDate (D:20151205224045+07'00') However, these agencies do not always file reports as called for in the reporting protocol. The term legislature refers to lawmaking assemblies such as the Congress of the United States or the lawmaking bodies of all the states.Legislatures have many important functions in the criminal justice system. Tourangeau and McNeeley (Chapter 2) wonder whether the apparent topic of the survey, the surveys sponsorship, the organization responsible for collecting the data, the letterhead used on advance letters, and similar procedural details will affect respondents views about the need for accuracy in reporting and about the type of incidents they are supposed to report.. 4 0 obj It discusses particular issues that can arise when using surveys to draw inferences on specific subgroups, and methodological issues associated with measuring crimes in small geographic areas, from papers respectively by Richard McCleary, Douglas Wiebe, and David Turbow and by T.E. endobj In his paper, T.E. Understanding victimization and offending in these subgroups, however, can be particularly difficult. Much of the work assessing how crime is measured focuses on data collected in the United States. The work as a whole includes chapters on the measurement of criminal typologies, the offenders, offending and victimization, criminal justice . IN THE FIRST PAPER, 'PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,' THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS DERIVED FROM AN INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TOTAL SOCIAL COST ASSOCIATED WITH CRIME AND CRIME CONTROL AND THE NET COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Using the deductive approach, we reason from _____. 'PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR EVALUATION OF LEAA AND CJS PROGRAMS,' ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF CJS AND LEAA EVALUATION FROM PRIMARILY THREE POINTS OF VIEW - SYSTEM-LEVEL AGGREGATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM STATISTICS, AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR EVALUATION. False positive reports of rare events or subpopulations of interest can lead to substantial biases. 500 500 500 500 200 500 333 760 276 500 os+8G fLaRQ 9a3e%v,xMBPB zZ6FQV `RQHh0^0FDwT#rfD;XRH B-xYQ8ne;{U. Without being able to agree on a conceptual definition, operationalizing and measuring concepts is _____. 500 675 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 Psychologist Stanley Smith is known for developing four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The raw rates are unstable, due to small numerators and/or denominators. Our American system of justice has evolved from the English common law into a complex series of procedures and decisions. Four levels of measurement"nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio"can be used with variables. /Font << 278 500 500 278 278 444 278 722 500 500 in /nfs/c05/h04/mnt/113983/domains/toragrafix.com/html/wp-content . Further, if we have an accurate picture of crime and trends, we can better predict the needs of our society, such as increased patrol, rehabilitation services, and more. Raghunathan. Interval-level data can go below zero, so a good example of data at this level would be the air temperature. 1 exhibit and 59 references Additional Details Agencies NIJ Date Published: January 1, 2000 In addition to comparing and contrasting the methodological issues associated with self-report surveys and official records, the workshop explored methods for obtaining accurate self-reports on sensitive questions about stigmatized (crime) events, estimating crime and victimization in rural counties and townships, and developing unbiased prevalence and incidence rates for rare events among population subgroups. The Appeals Process, Standard of Review, and Appellate Decisions, 7.7. 1 0 obj This is essentially pre-test. endobj 2. The problem of threats to internal validity refers to the possibility that conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself. In fact, to some degree, all of the issues discussed have been studied and described for over two decades without resolution. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. burglary or auto theft, can therefore result in large differences in outcomes and misleading conclusions about crime trends. \text{Asset}&&&\text{Debit}\\ Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. The nominal level of measurement is used with variables that can be classified arbitrarily by numbers and words. American Trial Courts and the Principle of Orality, 7.6. /Title (Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 4th Edition Bachman Solutions Manual) Provide an in-depth discussion of levels of measurement. /F4 13 0 R Most measurement of crime in this country emanates from two major data sources. criminal justice studies include crime, recidivism, police patrol, etc. Raghunathan developed a framework for obtaining small or local-area estimates of victimization or crime rates by combining information from surveys and administrative data sources. /Annots [20 0 R] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] What ordinal data do not tell us is how close the second-place finisher was to the winner and how far behind the third-place runner was. The Workshop Agenda (Appendix A) and List of Workshop Participants (Appendix B) appear at the end of this workshop summary. 667 667 389 389 389 389 722 722 778 778 The central features of the classical experiment are variables, time order, measures, and groups. >> /F5 14 0 R << Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. This report reviews (1) the history of the UCR, the NIBRS, and the NCVS; (2) the methods each program uses to collect crime data; and (3) the limitations of the Response errors across self-report and administrative surveys. The goal of the Committee on Law and Justice and the Committee on National Statistics in convening the workshop, commissioning the papers, and issuing this report is to stimulate further discussion and eventually a greater focus on the importance of improving data collection systems and measurement of crime. >> The first is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Report (UCR), which collects information on crimes known to the police and arrests from local and State jurisdictions. Vol. We could compare the times, so we would know precisely how much faster the winner was than the competition. >> One place to look is the courts, and that is the challenge for Measures for Justice, an organization started in 2011 by journalist and law professor Amy Bach of Rochester, N.Y., whose 2010 book,. The following table summarizes the rules of debit and credit. /Outlines 3 0 R It is also to ensure that all criminals are punished, but punished fairly. 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 Myth: Police Only Write Speeding Tickets to Harass Citizens and it is Entrapment., 7.1. A total cholesterol of 5.0 or less is satisfactory and remember that 5.0 of total cholesterol is equivalent to 3.0 of 'bad' LDL. Public opinion polls have repeatedly demonstrated that crime is a policy issue of pre-eminent concern to the American public. Instructions: FIRST, watch the lecture on Levels of Measurement. Police Misconduct, Accountability, and Corruption, 6.9. Workshop participants recognized the need to be pragmatic. >> /First 9 0 R If 1 asked for the exact percentage of Latinx inmates, however, this would likely necessitate the respondent having to look up the information and would be more of a burden to the respondent. In general, the methods used to select subjects must meet the scientific norm of generalizability. endobj 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531, United States, Box 6000, Dept F, Rockville, MD 20849, United States. A researcher using a measure at the ratio level would use a _ to illustrate the data. >> The four levels of measurement of data are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. /Widths [250 333 420 500 500 833 778 214 333 333 (5 points) 2. Interval-level data have equal levels of measurement, a key characteristic that is lacking with ordinal ranks. The use of performance measures provides a way . /FontDescriptor 30 0 R Morrison, A.S. 1985 Screening in Chronic Disease. The final two chapters cover measurement and analytic issues that dominate key areas in the criminal justice system. Substantive Law: Defining Crimes, Inchoate Liability, Accomplice Liability, and Defenses, 3.8. 500 500 500 500 275 500 333 760 276 500 It is difficult, in part, because many basic concepts in criminal justice are difficult to define specifically. >> someone with a height of 5ft is 1 foot shorter than someone who is 6ft tall, and you can't be measured at a value of 0 or lower. The most conventional type of experiment in the natural and the social sciences involves three major pairs of components: (1) independent and dependent variables, (2) pretesting and post-testing, and (3) experimental and control groups. The work as a whole includes chapters on the measurement of criminal typologies, the offenders, offending and victimization, criminal justice organizations, and specialized measurement. This suggests that, on balance and across states, higher spending on schools is leveraged to increase staffing quantities. The classic survey sampling problems of response and coverage are of special concern when attempting to measure stigmatized and other deleterious events. For results to be valid it is essential that he experimental and control groups be as _____ as possible. << Variables attributes that have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness are _____. Microsoft Word - Bachman, Stats 4e Ch 2 Discussion Group Problems2018-01-17T12:53:32+02:00 In a general experimental design, subjects are measured on a dependent variable. How might the Long March have helped the growth of communism in China instead of destroying it? For example, runners who win a race are assigned first place, second place, and so on. Sources of Criminal Law: Federal and State Constitutions, 3.4. The level of measurement is crucial because it affects the kind of statistical analysis you can run. Returning to Rehabilitation in the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System, 10.10. In medical experiments, those researchers who are responsible for administering the drug and for noting improvements are not told which subjects receive the drug. Nominal level is the most basic level of measurement in which any numbers assigned to variable attributes are for labeling purposes only. 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 The main aim of the Criminal Justice System is to ensure the community is safe and reassure them that they are being protected from criminals. /Last 9 0 R 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 675 675 Introduction to the U.S. Court System, 7.3. Measurements are performed using an omnidirectional sound source located at least 3 m from the nearest wall according to ISO 14257. /Type /Font These subjects are called _____, Government agencies and nongovernment organizations (including universities) that conduct research involving human subjects must establish review committees. Consensus View and Decriminalizing Laws, 1.7. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The purpose of this article is two-fold: first, it examines the more fundamental changes in knowledge production in criminal justice settings occurring due to over-reliance on the new epistemological transition - on knowledge supposedly generated without a priori theory. For example, measuring the number of dollars a person earns in one year (a person can earn zero). Compounding these problems are the recent interest in rare crime events, such as violent crimes committed by youth and hate crimes; the need for attention to vulnerable subpopulations, such as very young and school-age children and disabled, elderly, and immigrant populations; and a focus on small- or local-area estimates of crime and victimization. In the Courtroom The primary professional involved in the courtroom stage of crime investigation is the attorney or lawyer. /F2 11 0 R They are concepts, measurement operations, evaluation of measures, and levels of measurement. Research Methods in Criminal Justice What is the purpose of an index, and what benefit does it provide in terms of level of measurement issues? JO= ZbXZsXJL[4KE%1i_}ThOIX,-MajQR9*Avla=(,FL3]UnH=%%Hd1md8!AT+UdL= 6.q'MYS IhzP,"yTO4qND@Gq7LcA]`jCC:jJ5_`'NOeVtKjDGFYa&dt\|>@#)C(9|# 611 556 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 >> Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks.