Examples include aniridia, coloboma, and ectopic pupil. A comprehensive collection of OSCE guides to common clinical procedures, including step-by-step images of key steps, video demonstrations and PDF mark schemes. 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Pe- diatrics 1995; 96 (3 - 2500+ OSCE Flashcards: https://geekymedics.com/osce-flashcards/ One pupil may be bigger than normal, or one pupil may be smaller than normal, resulting in unequal pupils. North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of . Anisocoria is unequal pupil sizes. root-opt-eye A thorough pupillary exam is crucial, and it is best done in dim light with the patients eyes fixed on a distant object to eliminate the near reaction. Complaints of pain, headaches, ptosis, diplopia, blurred vision, numbness, weakness or ataxia may warrant further evaluation for more life-threatening conditions including traumatic injury, intracranial mass, aneurysm or carotid dissection. Anisocoria itself does not cause symptoms. 75 terms. Usually, one of your pupils will be different enough from the other that you can notice it in a mirror. Maintaining good overall health is the best way to make sure your body can function at its best. Most often, the diameter difference is less than 0.5 mm, but it can be up to 1 mm. This video demonstrates how to use the SOCRATES acronym when taking a history of pain or other symptoms. - Examples 05:45 A detailed neurologic exam is important to localize lesions, look for accompanying signs of cranial nerve involvement, and assess for focal neurologic deficits in the sensory, motor, and deep tendon reflex pathways. Clinically, it is important to establish whether anisocoria is more apparent in dim or bright light to clarify if the larger pupil or smaller pupil is the abnormal one. Signs of neurosyphilis are multiple and include hyporeflexia, On physical exam, he had bilateral conjunctival injection with right, He got his different-coloured eyes - caused by the condition, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, Feasibility and Variability of Automated Pupillometry Among Stroke Patients and Healthy Participants: Potential Implications for Clinical Practice, Long-Term Follow-Up in Children with Anisocoria: Cocaine Test Results and Patient Outcome, Inherited Paediatric Motor Neuron Disorders: Beyond Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Neuropsychological Outcome following Resuscitation after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A One-Year Follow-Up, Unilateral Dilated Pupil and Spontaneous Cardiac Arrest with Successful Bystander Resuscitation, Surgical Management of Pilocytic Astrocytoma of the Optic Nerve: A Case Report and Review of the Literature, Asymptomatic Severe Vagal and Sympathetic Cardiac Denervation in Holmes-Adie's Syndrome, The psychiatric impact of sexually transmitted diseases, Changing spectrum of traumatic head injuries: Demographics and outcome analysis in a tertiary care referral center, Wegener's granulomatosis presenting as a parapharyngeal mass, Traumatic vein of Labbe hemorrhagic infarction--clinical profile and outcome analysis, Boy who wanted to be another Elvis; david bowie 1947-2016: early years of a music icon. Management of anisocoria varies depending on the etiology. Epidemiology. Though many causes of anisocoria are benign and some people only notice some blurry vision and/or light sensitivity, it can be a sign of a serious and potentially life-threatening neurological problem. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Anisocoria. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be due to transient asymmetric supranuclear inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that controls the pupillary sphincter [4]. Am J Ophthalmol.1987;104(1):6973. Unequal pupils. Gastro - stomach Enter - intestines Itis - Inflammation Through this breakdown, we can understand that Gastroenteritis means inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. I'm bad at making friends, and I don't have any close friends that I could talk to about being trans. study and treatment of defective binocular vision resulting from defects in ocular musculature, cf-phac/o-lens raw milk coles; chicago humidity in july; southern living red velvet cake; what colours go with benjamin moore collingwood; Anisocoria is a medical term for unequal pupil size. : inequality in the size of the pupils of the eyes. Aim: Primary care will play a more significant role on the diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative diseases in near future. Some are temporary, but some can be life-threatening. Arch Opthalmol 1960. Generally, anisocoria is caused by impaired dilation (a sympathetic response) or impaired constriction (a parasympathetic response) of pupils. Pharmacologic anisocoria typically resolves with cessation of the offending agent. Tell your healthcare provider about any changes in your eyes or vision. life-threatening, including Horner's syndrome (which may be due to carotid artery dissection) and oculomotor nerve palsy (due to a brain aneurysm, uncal herniation, or head trauma). They present with unilateral head pain with ipsilateral autonomic symptoms, such as lacrimation and rhinorrhea [5]. Physiologic control of pupillary function is dictated by sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the pupillary dilator and the pupillary sphincter muscles, respectively. 'Ultra-' means 'beyond . Each clinical case scenario allows you to work through history taking, investigations, diagnosis and management. In apoptosis, the damaged or diseased cell initiates self-destruction. Please write a single word answer in lowercase (this is an anti-spam measure). When it affects only one eye, it's also called anisocoria. Headache 2013; 53:1470-1478. The management of Horners syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the patient will require further investigation (e.g. While some of these medications are intentionally used in the eye, sometimes these medications or chemicals are accidentally rubbed into the eye from your skin, usually by your finger. Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/geekymedics 4th Edition. Moeller JJ, Maxner CE. Pt 1):525. Patients with isolated traumatic brain injury (iTBI) are known to have coagulopathy, but no previous studies have examined the gender differences in detail. Anisocoria can occur as a result of injury (e.g. Patients: Download as PDF 52:386391. No matter whats causing your pupils to be irregularly sized, you should see your provider as soon as possible. (c)(c)(c) At some instant she quickly flips into a "knife" position, orienting her body vertically with her arms straight down. To diagnose anisocoria, your ophthalmologist will examine your pupils in both a lighted room and a dark room. If you have no other symptoms and your provider rules out any serious underlying conditions you probably wont need any treatment. suffix-ic-pertaining to This distinction isnt as important as getting your symptoms evaluated right away. condition-iasis-condition suffix-lysis-destruction to separate The parasympathetic pathway is a four-order neuron pathway that controls pupillary constriction and accommodation. If you experience something more serious like an aneurysm or stroke, your life might be changed permanently. Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil sizes. Anisocoria. - Site 01:12 The swallows flew swiftly into the old barn where they vigilantly guarded their nests. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus then supplies parasympathetic fibers to the third cranial nerve which traverses the cavernous sinus and enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure to synapse at the ipsilateral ciliary ganglion. Patients presenting with an acute history of Horners syndrome with neck pain and dysphagia require an urgent MRI neck to investigate for carotid artery dissection. The right pupil is bigger (arrow) and the right eye is positioned down and out. Friedman NJ. They are usually the same. Arch Opthalmol. A diagnosis of Horners can be confirmed by administering 0.5% apraclonidine (alpha-2 agonist) eye drops which will dilate the miotic pupil and correct the anisocoria.5. If thats the case, you still need the change in your eyes examined by a provider. Horner syndrome does not damage the eye or cause vision loss. how to increase in irish moss stitch. It should be considered an emergency if a patient develops acute onset anisocoria. Download to iPhone, iPad, and Android. antibody in a tertiary neurology referral center. A collection of surgery revision notes covering key surgical topics. Place the correct number of electrons in each shell of (a) Sodium (Na), (b) Rubidium (Rb), (c)(c)(c) Krypton Kr and (d) Chlorine Cl. Common ocular effects reported to a poison control center after See your provider or go to the ER right away if one of your pupils is bigger than the other. Anisocoria is usually a benign finding, unaccompanied by other symptoms (physiological anisocoria). Clinical experience of seropositive ganglionic acetylcholine receptor With anisocoria, the larger pupil lets more light enter the eye. Am (2, 5) is correct.It should be wrapped in a cool, moist cloth (sterile, if available) and sealed in a plastic bag. Some are temporary, but some can be life-threatening. Van der Wiel HL, Van Gijn J. Hydroxyamphetamine mydriasis in Horners syndrome. Causes include Adies tonic pupil, oculomotor nerve palsy, traumatic injury to the iris, or pharmacologic dilation from mydriatics/cycloplegics (atropine, tropicamide, cyclopentolate), or cocaine. The oculomotor nerve innervates 4 out of the 6 extraocular muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique), the sphincter pupillae muscle, the ciliary muscle, and the levator palpebrae muscle. to the iris sphincter muscle), inflammation (e.g. Example: hypoglycemia - hypo-below normal, glyc=sugar, emia=blood condition. Typically one pupil is abnormal and cannot either dilate or constrict. Causes of anisocoria range from benign (normal) to life-threatening conditions. It may be physiological (e.g. The root provides the core meaning of the . https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anisocoria. hydroxyamphetamine test. DO NOT perform any examination or procedure on patients based purely on the content of these videos. Thats why you should talk to your provider as soon as you notice any changes in your eyes or vision. The effect of latanoprost 0.005% on pupillary Go to the emergency room if one pupil is bigger than the other and you experience any of the following: You might have symptoms outside your eyes too, including: Depending on whats causing the anisocoria, you might have no symptoms. Anisocoria is unequal pupil size. Use and limitations of the In the mirror, the pupil of the eye appears as a black circle in the middle of the iris (the colored part of the eye). Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. anisocoria medical terminology breakdownliu athletics staff directory. Gaines LA. While small differences in pupil size are normal and can even come and go (physiologic anisocoria), constant and significant differences in pupil sizes may be a sign of damage to the nerves that control the pupils or to the brain. Write C in the blank if the sentence is correctly punctuated. An eye doctor will be able to rule out any life-threatening conditions and perform a diagnosis. Kuhner H, Krieglstein GK. Neuro-ophthalmologists specialize in conditions that cause problems with the pupils. Normally our pupils are relatively the same size. Muscle Nerve 2015; Horner syndrome occurs when these nerves do not work. Cocaine prevents the reuptake of norepinephrine at the post-synaptic third-order neuron, allowing dilation of the normal pupil. Etiology Some babies are born with anisocoria. Isolated anisocoria is often asymptomatic, though mydriasis may cause glare, photosensitivity, and impaired accommodation. suffix-graphy-recording node js mysql query in a for loop; saudi arabia lashes punishment video; j frank wilson cause of death. W. Mydriasis and accommodative failure from exposure to topical [2] Anisocoria has various causes: [3] Physiological anisocoria: About 20% of population has a slight difference in pupil size which is known as physiological anisocoria. TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@geekymedics Horners syndrome). Anisocoria is the medical term for asymmetric (different sized) pupils. What is her acceleration at the instant she achieves the "knife" position? inequality in the size of the pupils. Diagnosis and Using SOCRATES in History Taking | OSCE | Communication Skills. A pupil that is chemically dilated or constricted will return to normal size and function as the chemical wears off. Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil size. - Associated symptoms 03:04 Old face photographs of patients often help to diagnose and establish the type of anisocoria. anisocoria medical terminology breakdown. Right 3rd cranial nerve palsy. 2019 Neuro-ophthalmology Virtual Education Library: NOVEL [1]. The nerves controlling the muscles that constrict the pupil are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Abnormal gonioscopy and tonometry findings may suggest angle closure glaucoma. Therefore, an oculomotor nerve palsy presents as a down and out gaze and ptosis, occasionally accompanied by mydriasis of the pupil. It affects sympathetic and parasympathetic systems that may result in pupillary abnormalities, anisocoria, orthostatic hypotension, and anhidrosis [5][16][17]. Etiology of Anisocoria The most common cause of anisocoria is Physiologic (present in about 20% of people): The difference between pupil sizes in physiologic anisocoria is typically about 1 mm. 3 Pathological anisocoria The second-order neuron connects each pretectal nucleus to bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei in the midbrain and allows for the consensual light reflex. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003314.htm), (https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/symptoms-of-ophthalmologic-disorders/anisocoria?query=anisocoria), (https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/17592), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. Anisocoria is a condition characterized by unequal pupil sizes. What Is Anisocoria? 2014. Distinguish suffixes that deal with procedures. It is relatively common, and causes vary from benign physiologic anisocoria to potentially life-threatening emergencies. While small differences in pupil size are normal and can even come and go ( physiologic anisocoria ), constant and significant differences in pupil sizes may be a sign of damage to the nerves that control the pupils or to the brain. - 150+ PDF OSCE Checklists: https://geekymedics.com/pdf-osce-checklists/ Another name for miosis is pinpoint pupil. If the smaller pupil dilates in response to instillation of. surgical destruction and removal of the crystalline lens in cataract removal, cf-phac/o-lens As a result of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), our. #geekymedics #fyp #fypviral #studytok #medicalstudentuk #medtok #studytips #studytipsforstudents #medstudentuk #premed #medschoolfinals, Cardiovascular History Tips - DON'T FORGET these 3 things . Scopolamine patch-induced unilateral mydriasis. The use of pilocarpine can be diagnostic in this setting. recording of intraocular pressure used in detecting glaucoma, root-trich-hair Read breaking news about the neuro-ophthalmologist shortage andlearn aboutneuro-ophthalmology fellowships & theNANOS Career Center here! iridocyclitis), diseases of the iris, paralysis of the third nerve, angle-closure glaucoma, systemic diseases (e.g. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias include primary headache disorders that may result in anisocoria, miosis, or ptosis [5][15]. ; Combining form: a root with a vowel attached to it, most commonly the letter O.This vowel is known as the combining vowel because it combines the root with the rest of the term. The anterior chamber can be examined for signs of iritis or uveitis. Breaking a word down into its component parts should help readers ascertain the meaning of an unfamiliar term. It depends on whats causing your anisocoria. Thompson HS. Subjects. This page was last edited on 31 August 2022, at 23:58. The term "nervous breakdown" is sometimes used by people to describe a stressful situation in which they're temporarily unable to function normally in day-to-day life. Underline each adverb, and draw an arrow from each adverb to the word it modifies. Additionally, the nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter pupillae muscles of the iris which are involved in theconstriction of the pupil. A thorough review of medications, especially topical eye drops, may provide explanations for pharmacologic anisocoria. Medical terms may begin with a prefix. For example, anisocoria with headaches, confusion, altered mental status, and other focal neurologic deficits suggest an underlying mass effect and may require further neurologic work-up and intervention. May A. root-metr-measure Your doctor will examine your pupils in different lighting conditions and perform an eye and cranial nerve exam. The third-order neuron ascends along the carotid artery into the cavernous sinus to ultimately synapse at the pupillary dilator muscle, the Muller muscle of the upper eyelid, and the smooth muscle of the lower eyelid. Trans. Anisocoria is unequal pupil sizes. Miosis can occur in one or both eyes. When focusing on the finger up close, the right pupil constricts normally (arrow). I've known I'm trans for about a year, but I still haven't told anyone. Kaiser PK. A collection of data interpretation guides to help you learn how to interpret various laboratory and radiology investigations. "Simple, central" anisocoria. It's similar to the way you might see swelling in your body referred to as edema. detection of subunit-specific autoantibodies to the ganglionic This information was developed collaboratively by the Patient Information Committee of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. how to increase in irish moss stitch. (2001). The pupil on the affected side is abnormally small (miosis) and the upper eyelid will droop (ptosis). Chapter 13 word parts and medical terms. al. Adie's pupil may involve an orbital process, while bilateral cases may indicate systemic processes [5]. et al. Ophthalmol 2014; 25:519-523. See table Some Common Causes of Anisocoria for other causes of anisocoria. Pathological anisocoria can be identified by worsening anisocoria in either light or dark conditions. Emmetropia=emmetr-in proper measure, opia=vision condition 3. 5. Anisocoria. Roots. Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a disorder of autoantibodies that target autonomic ganglia [5][16]. Its similar to the way you might see swelling in your body referred to as edema. Anisocoria is greater in the dark due to a defect in the pupillary dilator response secondary to lesions along the sympathetic trunk. Other causes of 3rd cranial nerve palsy include decreased blood flow to the nerve (microvascular ischemia), tumors pressing on the nerve, and inflammation of the nerve. DO NOT perform any examination or procedure on patients based purely on the content of these videos. Visit your provider or go to the emergency room if you notice one of your pupils is suddenly larger than the other. Vasoconstrictor Agents 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid Phenylephrine Actomyosin Norepinephrine Endothelin-1 Potassium Chloride Indomethacin Acetylcholine Nitric Oxide Vasodilator Agents Enzyme Inhibitors Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 Adrenergic alpha-Agonists Endothelins Myosin Type II Serotonin Hydrazines Angiotensin II Calcium . The pupil may remain large or gradually shrink in size over several years. Question: Describe the appropriate steps to take in the emergency department when evaluating anisocoria. in antimetropia) or it may be part of a syndrome, the most common being those of Adie's and Horner's. Rubinfeld RS, Currie JN. Further pharmacologic work-up (see diagnostic procedures) is useful in confirming Horners and distinguishing the order of the lesion. View All Result . Anisocoria in the presence of confusion, decreased mental status, severe headache, or other neurological symptoms can forewarn a neurosurgical emergency. 64: 592. Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. - PSA Question Pack: https://geekymedics.com/psa-question-bank/ HR 105 Medical Terminology Chapter 14 assignment Word Division Divide each term into all its word elements and give the meaning of each element (1 point per element). aqueous watery fluid filling the front chamber. Physiologic anisocoria is often asymptomatic and does not require intervention. _____ Thomas Edison was a gifted inventor; and he also improved on the inventions of others. The affected eye can often appear deviated toward the ear and slightly downward. Copyright 2021. Talk to your provider about what to expect, especially if youll need longer-term treatment to recover. Anisocoria is the medical term for when one of your pupils is bigger than the other. A collection of anatomy notes covering the key anatomy concepts that medical students need to learn. 1978;96(9):1615-1620. Apraclonidine, a strong -2 and weak -1 agonist, is a more readily available alternative to cocaine. Is a dismness of vision or the partial loss of sight in one eye, Is any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina, Is a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size, Is a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea, Is the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity, Is the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity, Is a nodule or cyst usually on the upper eyelid caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland, Is an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the audiotory nerve, Is an inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial viral or fungal infection, Is the eversion of the edge of the eyelid, Is the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables lights, Is the inversion of the edge of an eyelid, Is a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium, Is a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retina nerve fibers and the optic nerve, Is a blindness in one half of the visual field, Stye pus filled and often painful lesion on the eyelid, Is a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum, Is the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris, Is the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labrinth, Is used to treat open angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular mesh work to allow the fluid to drain properly, The dilation of the pupil is the opposite of miosis, Is a small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid, Is an involuntary constant rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use, Holds a doctor of optometry degree and provides primary eye care, Is the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear, Is swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes, Is the presence of what appears to be flashes or light, Is a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages, Is the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging, Is the drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis, Is used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment, Is the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the instertion of a small prosthetic device, Is a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not alignment correctly, Is the partial or complete su turning together of the upper and lower eyelids to protect the eye when the lids are paralyzed, Commonly pronounced ringing buzzing or roaring, Is the measurement of intraocular pressure, Is a sense of whirling dizziness and loss of balance, Is the removal of the vireous humor and it's replacement with a clear solution, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Sports Medicine Essentials: Core Concepts in Athletic Training and Fitness Instruction, Ch 14 Infectious Disease Prevention & Control. Expert solutions. root-opthalm-eye Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. It is also seen in some people who consume diphenydramine (brand name "Benadryl") for an extended period of time, or if an astringent eye drop like Visine is used in one eye and not the other, often in concurrence with the presence of contact lenses. Sympathomimetics, such as adrenaline, clonidine, and phenylephrine, cause mydriasis through their actions at -1 receptors of the pupillary dilator muscle. Mechanical anisocoria secondary to trauma may require surgery to correct the structural defect. Blint's syndrome is an uncommon and incompletely understood triad of severe neuropsychological impairments: inability to perceive the visual field as a whole ( simultanagnosia), difficulty in fixating the eyes ( oculomotor apraxia), and inability to move the hand to a specific object by using vision ( optic ataxia). NANOS members have successfully presented a poster on Neuro-Ophthalmology Fellowships and Careers at the AAN Faculty and Trainee Reception at the AAN 2018 Annual Meeting. Ninety percent of cases occur in women between the ages of 20-40 years, 80% of cases are unilateral, and 70% of cases are associated with decreased deep tendon reflexes (Adies syndrome) [3]. J Iowa Med Soc 1971; 61:475-477. Modelo: Pongo la mesa. 2 suffixes that have more than one meaning, HLTH 125 Ch 10 combining forms of the blood a, Cole Conlin, Elizabeth Millan, Max Ehrsam, Parthena Draggett, Betsy Kerr, Guy Spielmann, Mary Rogers, Tracy D.Terrell, Albert Valdman, Cathy Pons, Mary Ellen Scullen, Chez Nous: Branch Sur le Monde Francophone, Albert Valdman, Cathy Pons, Katherine Mueller, Mary Ellen Scullen, Paula Bouffard. - Geeky Medics OSCE App: https://geekymedics.com/geeky-medics-app/ vision defect in which parallel rays come to a focus beyond the retina, root-kerat-cornea turning inward of the margin of the lower eyelid, prefix-eso-inward Talk to your provider about what youll need to do next. reaction of the human eye. instrument used to examine the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, prefix-hemi-half Meeting Updates, Committee Highlights, N-O shortage, Grant Opportunities and other news! Junior Doctor, interested in medical education, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LjMxakdNallNcng0, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkJPVjVZMzBKczY4, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkxEM2VkQzB2NTBr, Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Examination OSCE Guide, Pre-hospital Advanced Life Support (ALS) OSCE Guide, Adult Choking (Basic Life Support) OSCE Guide, Paediatric Intravenous Cannulation OSCE Guide, Intrauterine System (Mirena) Counselling OSCE guide, Geeky Medics OSCE Book | Clinical Examination, Paediatric Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease, A Career as a GP with Special Interest with Dr Fiona Mosgrove, Mechanical: trauma, previous surgery, secondary to inflammation (anterior uveitis), Pharmacological: pilocarpine, organophosphate insecticides, Pharmacological: atropine, tropicamide, MDMA, ecstasy, Fixed mid-dilated pupil: acute angle-closure glaucoma, Unilateral dilated pupil: ipsilateral subdural haematoma, Although anisocoria is usually a benign presentation, it is important to rule out, A key step in differentiating causes is examining the pupil in both, When examining a patient, it is important to adopt a.