is added to a block, then wait_for_transaction_receipt() raises a Returns the uncle at the index specified by uncle_index Feel free to reach out to us via Twitter if you have any feedback. respectively. 'safe', 'finalized' - otherwise delegates to eth_getBlockByHash. If the transaction specifies a data value but does not specify eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex. We're going to launch our node under the Solana Devnet, but you can launch the node that meets your needs. get_block_transaction_count(), Method to get an Uncle from its hash is not available through This is a wrapper for all Web3 namespaces. My code is GPL licensed, can I issue a license to have my code be distributed in a specific MIT licensed project? Optionally, specify a timeout in seconds. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? Syntax :getTransactionFromBlock(hashStringOrNumber, indexNumber [, callback]), Returns : A transaction object same as getTransaction method containing following properties. How do I align things in the following tabular environment? Returns the raw form of transaction specified by transaction_hash. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? Add this to the bottom of log.js: Woo! TransactionNotFound: Transaction with hash: 0x5c504ed432cb51138bcf09aa5e8a410dd4a1e204ef84bfed1be16dfba1b22060 not found. Returns transaction fee data for up to 1,024 blocks. to_block number. nonce=w3.eth.get_transaction_count(public_address_of_senders_account), type=2, # (optional) the type is now implicitly set based on appropriate transaction params, HexBytes('0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331'). Web3 module has many useful transaction functions which we can use to get all the information about any trnasaction happened on the network. How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability. 'topics': ['0xe65b00b698ba37c614af350761c735c5f4a82b4ab365a1f1022d49d9dfc8e930'. Everything you need to know about the transfers is right here at your fingertips. You've successfully achieved getting transactions.You can stop here, but if you want to see what else we can do with that Transaction Signature, keep reading! The transaction and block_identifier parameters are handled in the returns its transaction receipt. I saw web3.js functions for it but nothing with web3.py. Crawling Ethereum transactions from one address, Web3 bsc token send with python , gas fee calculation. The problem is that the API is behind a cloudfare DDoS protection and a captcha is asked sometimes. I haven't tested this code as it is slightly modified from the one I have and it can definitely be optimized, but I hope it helps. Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of Transaction Calldata Demystified - A Guide to Understanding Transaction It will be used to entirely You can see that the method should produce similar results, which makes it really handy for lots of different applications. web3.eth API Web3.py 5.31.3 documentation - Read the Docs 'hash': '0xc0f4906fea23cf6f3cce98cb44e8e1449e455b28d684dfa9ff65426495584de6'. The "transaction count" is also the nonce for the account, which is needed to create new transactions and is part of the account's state, just like the balance. The nature of simulating nature: A Q&A with IBM Quantum researcher Dr. Jamie We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. protocol_version. What @eth was referring to was a script called getTransactionsByAccount. Stay updated with the blockchain universe. # Dynamic fee transaction, introduced by EIP-1559: '0xe670ec64341771606e55d6b4ca35a1a6b75ee3d5145a99d05921026d1527331'. At first I wrote the same code using node.js, because web3.js makes it much simplier for me to understand how it actually works. as i see, there is no direct way to get transactions by account address, maybe you should crawl the entire blockchain by your way or you can use third party api. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. So for having the list of transactions (there are different types of transactions including normal, internal, bep-20 etc) you could use this. Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? Styling contours by colour and by line thickness in QGIS, The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. With this line I get the number of sent transactions: So at least web3 should know something about the account activity. If it is equals 0 the transaction was reverted by EVM. otherwise delegates to eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash. An AttributeDict containing the following keys: Executes the given transaction locally without creating a new transaction Boot your QuickNode in seconds and get access to 16+ different chains. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. I already used the getBlock function but its only for particular block. I think about using websocket and filter function. I have the same question. gas_price, Returns the number of the most recent block, Deprecated: This property is deprecated in favor of Inside of our loop, after our confirmationStatus log, add this: What we're doing here is, for each transaction, looking at each transaction instruction and logging the program name (if one exists) and program id. For raising the metaverse through its adolescence. For example, you can use this heuristic approach without having to process the entire chain. "After the incident", I started to be more careful not to trip over things. How do I get a substring of a string in Python? The account must be unlocked. transactions nonce. How to get tokens transferred in transaction details using web3 js? We can use Solana's getParsedTransaction method to give us loads of additional detail. parameters as required by send_transaction(). How do you ensure that a red herring doesn't violate Chekhov's gun? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. In 2022 alone, Tornado Cash was linked to at least 58 hacks resulting in $1,38 billion in loss! Interacting with blockcahin is all about transactions. (address dst, uint256 wad). Often, when a property or method returns a mapping of keys to values, it This property gets called frequently in validation middleware, Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. I think it's possible to use the topics as a part of the filter parameters and reflect only the Transfer event to/from watched address, so that my app doesn't have to handle unnecessary data. There's actually an important distinction between knowing the number of transactions and actually fetching those txs. Largest DeFi Exploits in Web3: How to Prevent Similar Security Breaches Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? 'transactions': ['0xc55e2b90168af6972193c1f86fa4d7d7b31a29c156665d15b9cd48618b5177ef']. 0) is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). How to get all transactions of an address, How to get verbose transactions of an address, "0xd8da6bf26964af9d7eed9e03e53415d37aa96045", "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJjaGFpbiI6ImV0aCIsImNoYWluX25hbWUiOiJtYWlubmV0Iiwic3ViZG9tYWluIjpudWxsLCJhcGlLZXlJZCI6MTkwNjU5LCJjdXJzb3IiOm51bGwsImZ1bmN0aW9uTmFtZSI6bnVsbCwibGltaXQiOjEwMCwiYWRkcmVzcyI6IjB4ZDhkYTZiZjI2OTY0YWY5ZDdlZWQ5ZTAzZTUzNDE1ZDM3YWE5NjA0NSIsImZyb21fYmxvY2siOm51bGwsInRvX2Jsb2NrIjoiMTU3ODE1NDAiLCJmcm9tX2RhdGUiOm51bGwsInRvX2RhdGUiOm51bGwsInBhZ2UiOjEsImtleXMiOlsiMTU3ODE1NDAiXSwiYmxvY2tfb2Zmc2V0IjoxLCJpYXQiOjE2NzA4Mzk4MjN9.EVOoyaTeuMF0cF2xe2J4uJr41Ipx7QbgGxeu5Rpn3E0", "0x1e67156f8cef5668c69392876f9ff99ca655d43ec366c6cf62217dd633e809b4", "0xa0b86991c6218b36c1d19d4a2e9eb0ce3606eb48", "0xa9059cbb000000000000000000000000c79b96044906550a5652bcf20a6ea02f139b9ae5000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007ea8ed40", "0xc6d379902054169a094ded6e37953549e6c4d59c3dc5b253d5db3ff2dd5a173c", "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007ea8ed40", "0xddf252ad1be2c89b69c2b068fc378daa952ba7f163c4a11628f55a4df523b3ef", "0x000000000000000000000000d8da6bf26964af9d7eed9e03e53415d37aa96045", "0x000000000000000000000000c79b96044906550a5652bcf20a6ea02f139b9ae5", How to get a transaction by transaction hash, Step 2: Get the verbose transaction of an address. Returns the (integer) number of uncles associated with the block specified by block_identifier. This guide will teach you how to decode transaction calldata so you can better comprehend other transactions you come across. I know it's too late to answer this question. rev2023.3.3.43278. How do I get the row count of a Pandas DataFrame? In order to fetch NFT transaction history by a given address, we'll need to specify a few things in our alchemy_getAssetTransfers request: fromAddress: where the NFT transaction originated from when fetching NFT transaction history originating from an address we use this toAddress: the NFT recipient's address Mixers like Tornado Cash obscure a transaction on the blockchain by sending the transaction through a Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. I have tried to do that with matching address with transaction dict key-value pairs ('from', 'to') but it takes too long. Deprecated: This property is deprecated in favor of Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of 'pending', 'safe', 'finalized', Get Block information using Web3 Our Transaction Receipts API package helps all Web3 developers to get the transaction receipts for any address, block, etc. Get full transaction list of an ethereum address using JSON-RPC. If a transaction is not found at specified arguments, throws web3.exceptions.TransactionNotFound. Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. 'mixHash': '0x041e14603f35a82f6023802fec96ef760433292434a39787514f140950597e5e'. Back to the Question: There is a difference between from, to, value in the transaction and the from, to, value in the logs included in the transaction receipt and NOT the JSON String itself. account may be a checksum address or an ENS name, Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of 'miner': '0xbe4532e1b1db5c913cf553be76180c1777055403'. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? See Contracts for more information about how to use contracts. Returns the id of the current Ethereum protocol version. '0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef'. How to get contract internal transactions. Equation alignment in aligned environment not working properly. It will then sign locally using the private key of that account, and send the transaction via web3.eth.sendSignedTransaction(). Solana Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Solana software users and developers. send_transaction() method. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. sign_transaction(). Can we safely represent lamport amounts in javascript using a number? appropriate BSC forum to raise your question. Sends a transaction that modifies the transaction with transaction_hash. The ethereum address that will be used as the default from address for Executes the given transaction locally without creating a new transaction '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', '0xf869a020d13b52a61d3c1325ce3626a51418adebd6323d4840f1bdd93906359d11c933b846f8440180a01ab7c0b0a2a4bbb5a1495da8c142150891fc64e0c321e1feb70bd5f881951f7ea0551332d96d085185ab4019ad8bcf89c45321e136c261eb6271e574a2edf1461f'. Were you able to find an answer? 'address': '0xDc3A9Db694BCdd55EBaE4A89B22aC6D12b3F0c24'. null if pending. Thanks, Thank you. rev2023.3.3.43278. Throws BlockNotFoundError if transactions are not found. How to get the children of the $(this) selector? Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of Thanks for you snippet but I search to do the same in web3js . How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? To get the token symbol, you need to call the token contract's function symbol(). So these are transaction retrieval methods which web3 provides. web3.eth.accounts web3.js 1.0.0 documentation 'parentHash': '0xcc30e8a9b15c548d5bf113c834143a8f0e1909fbfea96b2a208dc154293a78cf'. This function can also help us get nonce as well. Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. The address may be a checksum string, How can I get the token transaction list? Transaction Receipts-BSC - API Marketplace So back to web.py: For getting Transfer event signature I used this code transferEventSignature = web3.toHex (Web3.sha3 (text='Transfer (address,address,uint256)')) For encoding/decoding you can use eth_abi library 'data': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001'. Add the simple_cache_middleware Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. value returned by estimate_gas() method is greater than the Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Solana's getSignaturesForAddress method is a versatile tool that makes getting transaction history a breeze. from the block specified by block_identifier. How to do that? returns the gas price denominated in wei. What sort of strategies would a medieval military use against a fantasy giant? How to get all transactions of an address | Moralis Web3 Documentation Equation alignment in aligned environment not working properly, Full text of the 'Sri Mahalakshmi Dhyanam & Stotram'. may require it to be able to produce a gas price. Modify the default contract factory from Contract to contractFactoryClass. 'baseFeePerGas': [202583058, 177634473, 155594425, 136217133, 119442408], 'gasUsedRatio': [0.007390479689642084, 0.0036988514889990873, 0.0018512333048507866, 0.00741217041320997]. Replacing broken pins/legs on a DIP IC package, Using indicator constraint with two variables. can def be improved, but gets the job done. blockHash - [ 32 Bytes String ] Hash of the block where this transaction was in. Why does Mister Mxyzptlk need to have a weakness in the comics? On the following line, pass in this constant as a parameter for the Connection function and store that in another constant called solanaConnection: Great! bsc get transactions by wallet address Web3.py - Stack Overflow Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? Does ZnSO4 + H2 at high pressure reverses to Zn + H2SO4? The following methods are available on the web3.eth object for interacting Great! 2 Wormhole bridge - $323m. get_transaction_by_block. Our Transaction Receipts API package helps all Web3 developers to get the transaction receipts for any address, block, etc. If status in response equals 1 the transaction was successful. send_raw_transaction(). or an ENS name like 'mycontract.eth'. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Returns amount of gas consumed by execution which can null if its a contract creation transaction. Returns the block specified by block_identifier. Get ERC20 token transfers | Moralis Web3 Documentation Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. contractAddress - [ String ] The contract address created, if the transaction was a contract creation, otherwise null. You're ready to build your search function. This function can also help us get nonce as well. The top 10 companies in cryptocurrency, blockchain, Web3, and metavers The following methods are available on the web3.eth namespace. Deprecated: This property is deprecated in favor of Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Hi ! Returns the number of transactions that have been sent from account as Returns Web3.js Tutorial - Check all transactions to an Ethereum address in Once you've obtained both the address and chain, you can copy the following code: index.js (JavaScript) Simple transactions are not indexed. And I have problems with getting data from Transfer event as I don't know how to decode a HexBytes type. 'value': '0x48656c6c6f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a'. Find what cluster is being operated on from Connection object. I've implemented this with the web3-eth and web3-utils 1.0 betas using getPastEvents. sign_typed_data(). value - [ String ] Value transferred in wei. If a transaction is not found at specified arguments, throws web3.exceptions.TransactionNotFound. Sign up below! String, Number, BN, BigNumber - A block number or hash. Delegates to filter() for details on allowed filter parameters. How to explore all transactions for a given account? Thanks for contributing an answer to Ethereum Stack Exchange! To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Is it possible to create a concave light? To brush up on your knowledge, read our beginner guide on, before: start searching backwards in time before a specific transaction signature, after: start searching forward in time after a specific transaction signature, limit: max number of transactions to return. A transaction receipt object is returned with following properties : It returns a transaction based on a block hash or number and the transactions index position. Let's try and find some useful information in there. If no transaction is found, TransactionNotFound is raised. The following arguments are accepted for contract class creation. Are these things possible to do with frontend development on Web3? Staging Ground Beta 1 Recap, and Reviewers needed for Beta 2. Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of Signs the given data with the private key of the given account. Here you'll need two parameters: transactionHash and chain. Pre-defined block numbers as "earliest", "latest" and "pending" can also be used. 'stateRoot': '0x96dbad955b166f5119793815c36f11ffa909859bbfeb64b735cca37cbf10bef1'. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. No time to try now, but is it done when I add, If you're running the script in node, you must await each web3 call. Using the available information about the current state (number of "from" transactions and the current balance), it goes back in time until at least so many "from" transactions have been found, and then continues going back until the balance reaches 0. Today, Web3 Foundation, whose flagship project is the Polkadot blockchain protocol, announces the appointment of Thomas Fecker Boxler as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and member of the Executive Management Team with effect from 1 March 2023 . 1. What video game is Charlie playing in Poker Face S01E07? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Why can`t I get more transactions from a batch in the same block? So we've got some useful basic information about our transaction history, but what did each transaction do? Returns the number of transactions in the block specified by Future calls to Eth.contract() will then default to contractFactoryClass. Throws BlockNotFound if the block is not found. DeFi is enabling individuals to invest, trade, lend, and borrow without intermediaries. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. - the incident has nothing to do with me; can I use this this way? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Note This package has NOT been audited and might potentially be unsafe. How can I get the transactions (in and out) for a given account? 1 Ronin Chain - $600m. RPC, a possible substitute is the method Eth.get_uncle_by_block. Everything you need to know about the transfers is right here at your fingertips. Though "latest" and "safe" block identifiers are not yet part of the What does "use strict" do in JavaScript, and what is the reasoning behind it? # You can also refer to the block by hash: '0x685b2226cbf6e1f890211010aa192bf16f0a0cba9534264a033b023d7367b845', '0x5c504ed432cb51138bcf09aa5e8a410dd4a1e204ef84bfed1be16dfba1b22060'. And then we create a new instance of the Web3 struct. transaction_params are keyword arguments that correspond to valid transaction If so, how close was it? from the block specified by block_identifier. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Trying to understand how to get this basic Fourier Series. 'extraData': '0xe4b883e5bda9e7a59ee4bb99e9b1bc'. This method returns a web3.utils.filters.Filter object which can then Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of Recently, Superplastic completed a $20 million A-4 financing led by Alexa Fund, the venture capital arm of Amazon, with participation from Google Ventures, Galaxy Digital, Sony Japan, Animoca Brands, Craft Ventures, etc . The final function should look like this: Now, run your script again. block_identifier. Deprecated: This method is deprecated in favor of interact with the RPC APIs under the eth_ namespace. 'pending', 'safe', 'finalized', otherwise delegates to Web3 and DeFi are transforming wealth management by making it more accessible and transparent. Returns the return value of the executed contract. # simple example (Web3.py and / or client determines gas and fees, typically defaults to a dynamic fee transaction post London fork). How do I return the response from an asynchronous call? web3.js web3.eth.sign () the sender's address is not valid when Defaults to empty. modify_transaction(). confirmed transctions. You can use 'vines1vzrYbzLMRdu58ou5XTby4qAqVRLmqo36NKPTg' as an example if you don't already have one. Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? This method This API method helps you to get the transfers for any address, block, etc. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Is it possible to create a concave light? How can I know which radio button is selected via jQuery? I want token transaction list (Not transaction List) by address. You can always chat with us on our Discord community server, featuring some of the coolest developers you'll ever meet :). 'transactionsRoot': '0xb31f174d27b99cdae8e746bd138a01ce60d8dd7b224f7c60845914def05ecc58', '0x4e3a3754410177e6937ef1f84bba68ea139e8d1a2258c5f85db9f1cd715a1bdd'. boolean as to whether the filter was successfully uninstalled. How to use Slater Type Orbitals as a basis functions in matrix method correctly? You could guess! How to get the children of the $(this) selector? filter_params. eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex if block_identifier is an In order to get all the transactions for an address, Moralis provides you a getWalletTransactions endpoint to do so. Number - The transactions index position. 'receiptsRoot': '0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421'. transactions values. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? web3 get sol transfer signatures only for an account? Track blockchain transactions with web3.js | by Dmitry Semenovsky | Pixel Point | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. import Eth from "web3-eth"; import Utils from "web3-utils"; async function getERC20TransactionsByAddress ( { tokenContractAddress, tokenDecimals, address, fromBlock }) { // initialize the ethereum client const eth = new Eth ( Eth.givenProvider || "ws://some.local-or-remote.node:8546" ); const currentBlockNumber = await eth.getBlockNumber (); // Im filtering by topics affecting the Transfer event, targeting the address supplied in the params. Here you'll need two parameters: address and chain. How do I chop/slice/trim off last character in string using Javascript? For example, Then use the connection.getTransactions to get the transactions for the given signatures. on the blockchain. contain full transactions objects. to='0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601', b"\xf8d\x80\x85\x040\xe24\x00\x82R\x08\x94\xdcTM\x1a\xa8\x8f\xf8\xbb\xd2\xf2\xae\xc7T\xb1\xf1\xe9\x9e\x18\x12\xfd\x01\x80\x1b\xa0\x11\r\x8f\xee\x1d\xe5=\xf0\x87\x0en\xb5\x99\xed;\xf6\x8f\xb3\xf1\xe6,\x82\xdf\xe5\x97lF|\x97%;\x15\xa04P\xb7=*\xef \t\xf0&\xbc\xbf\tz%z\xe7\xa3~\xb5\xd3\xb7=\xc0v\n\xef\xad+\x98\xe3'" # noqa: E501. The launch will allow faster and cheaper . Why does web3.js reject a valid RSK smart contract address? How to get transactions by account using web3 js? 'receiptRoot': '0x84aea4a7aad5c5899bd5cfc7f309cc379009d30179316a2a7baa4a2ea4a438ac'. estimate_gas(). How to notate a grace note at the start of a bar with lilypond? block specified by block_identifier. Revision ca7088cc. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? Mutually exclusive execution using std::atomic? Returns either False if the node is not syncing or a dictionary integer or one of the predefined block parameters 'latest', 'earliest', 'from': '0xA1E4380A3B1f749673E270229993eE55F35663b4'. hash - [ 32 Bytes String ] Hash of the transaction. Set the selected gas price strategy. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Roblox 's 3D virtual world is now a full-blown entertainment platform that averaged 56 million daily active users in 2022, up 23% . Not the answer you're looking for? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Once you've obtained both the address and chain, you can copy the following code: To run the script, enter the following command: In your terminal, you should see the following JSON response: Congratulations you just got all the transactions for a wallet address with only a few lines of code using the Moralis Transaction API! Set a default parameter value for a JavaScript function, Sort array of objects by string property value. View their usage documentation If you'd like, you compare your results to the Solana explorer by searching your address here (m*ake sure you're searching the same network by changing in the top right corner of the page). for the given filter_id, Deprecated: This property is deprecated in favor of Signs the Structured Data (or Typed Data) with the private key of the given account. contract defined by abi. gasPrice value for the new_transaction must be greater than the pending
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