If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups York University, Toronto, Ontario. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. I hope you did enjoy it. Scott, W. A. Marco is using an example of. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. The five ratings were: 1. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. %PDF-1.5 The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Don't see what you need? Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. 1. 4. /H [ 658 210 ] The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. 0000000974 00000 n _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. /O 49 << The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? 0000013918 00000 n Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. [/PDF Please sign in to share these flashcards. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. hbbd``b` H? The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. ] The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. 4. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . This is. & JANIS, I.L. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. 0000001089 00000 n Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. 3. PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Or is there something more nuanced at play? There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes << Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Cognitive Dissonance: Theory, Examples & How to Reduce It Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. endobj Leon Festinger and his colleague James Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. 0000010660 00000 n In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. His data, however did not support this idea. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." endstream Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . An internet resource developed by Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. /Parent 45 0 R A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. enjoyable than the others would. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). . If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. Eddie has made the _________. 0000000015 00000 n Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. 2. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of %%EOF The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. >> Festinger, L. (1957). Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. /Prev 679084 [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Her improved performance is an example of. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. /ImageC It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. 0000001035 00000 n On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Psy 301: Social Psychology According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. /Text You have created 2 folders. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. 0000000868 00000 n And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. 47 14 In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." correct. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Don't have time for it all now? If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. This is an example of which rule of attraction? The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. 52 0 obj The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Vince's behavior is an example of. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Nicole will probably experience. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). 1959. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com Let us review these briefly: 1. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). 0 // adblocker detected OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ?
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